Epidemiology & Public Health

\r\n Since 1990, maternal death worldwide has dropped by 45 percent, however consistently around 800 women die from preventable makes related pregnancy and labor. These deaths happen in low-pay settings subsequently of condition that includes hypertension, infection, high blood pressure, and complications during delivery. Maternal health is closely connected to infant survival. While great steps have been made in reducing global child mortality, newborns and now represent 44 percent of all child deaths. Every year, 2.9 million babies needlessly die within their first month and an extra 2.6 million are stillborn. The main cause, which are preventable and treatable, are confusions because of rashness, intricacies amid conveyance, and contamination. National organizations recognize the need to accelerate the development, delivery and impact at scale of new approaches to deal with need worldwide medical issues. These advancements will help in earlier diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, in distinguishing of abnormalities during labor, and in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage for women without access to skilled providers. Experts in child health and maternal focus on the complex public health problems affecting women, infants and their families. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help future health care challenges for families, communities, and the public health care system.

\r\n Adolescents ages 10 to 19 and young adults from 20 to 24 make up 39 percent of the number of population in all over the world. Research has demonstrated that adolescent’s programs can decrease the predominance of health risk among young people and positively effect on academic performance. Schools additionally assume a basic part in advancing the health care and security of young people and helping them build up lifelong healthy behaviors. The behavioral examples built up amid these developmental periods help decide youngster’s current health status and their risk of chronic diseases and infections in adulthood. Since they are in developmental transition, adolescents and young adult’s grown-ups are especially sensitive to natural that is, logical or encompassing impacts. Natural variables, including family, peer gathering, school, neighborhood, approaches, and societal signs, can either support or challenge young adult’s wellbeing or prosperity. Addressing to the constructive advancement of young people encourages their adoption of healthy behaviors and helps to develop a healthy and productive life. The Adolescent Health Initiative endeavors to transform the health care and to optimize adolescent and young adult health. Public health congress main goal is to advance the inventive adolescent centered health care through clinical research. Public health conference assembling of speakers and young research, specialist’s presents enter points in the regions of health education and pre-adult health. The event incorporates participants through collection of breakout sessions. Related conferences.

\r\n Reproductive medicine is the branch of medicinal science which deals with deals with the diagnosis, prevention and management of problems in reproduction. Its aims include maintaining and improving the reproductive health and allowing people to have kids at the time of their convenience. Reproductive medicine plays an important role in women’s health where the mother’s health directly influences the health quality of the children.

\r\n Healthcare associated diseases are also called as Health care associated infections (HCAI). These are also referred as “hospital infection”, an infection occurring in the patient during the process of health care facility or in hospital. It can affect patients’ health in any type of settings where they patients were admitted or may also appear after the discharge.

\r\n The mission of the Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department (CDE) is to advance the health of the public by promoting a research-based approach to the prevention and management of chronic disease. Research in the chronic disease epidemiology cluster addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders, including cancer (particularly breast, colon, lung, prostate, ovary and pancreas), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, and obesity

\r\n Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are also referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STI) and venereal diseases (VD) and these are the infections that are passed from person to person through sexual contact. According to the CDC, nearly 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States. Most of the Sexually transmitted diseases do not cause symptoms initially. Penile discharges, pelvic pain, ulcers on or around the genitals, vaginal discharge are some of the signs and symptoms of the disease. Depending on the type of disease, these STDs can be spread through any type of sexual activity. Sexually transmitted diseases are most often caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. Some vaccines may decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B.

\r\n Cancer epidemiology is the division of epidemiology which is dealing with the disease cancer. Epidemiology is concerned with cases that appear in populations: the primary units of concern are groups of people, not separate individuals. In fact, cancer epidemiological studies may target on precursors of cancer. Randomized controlled trials then test whether conclusions generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory data analysis actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. Some cancer researchers have discussed that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient statistical power to discover a actual benefit to treatment. This may be because of fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned. 

\r\n Infectious diseases continue to have a major impact on the health of communities around the globe from the world HIV and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, to the threat of resistant bacteria, to the challenge of emerging and newly identified pathogens. All compel the need for new ways to detect such pathogens, to understand their pathogenesis, and to devise effective interventions for their prevention and control. Infectious Disease Epidemiology collections of  domestic and global works on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, world infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, vaccines development and other methods of prevention, various clinical trials, and the effect of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases, like cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

\r\n Diabetes is a group of disorders characterized by chronic high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) because of the body's inability to deliver any or enough insulin to control high glucose levels. There are two fundamental types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which frequently happens in kids or teenagers, is caused by the body's failure to make insulin or type 2 diabetes, which happens because of the body's inability to respond properly to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is predominantly analyzed after the age of forty, be that as it may, it is presently being found in all age ranges, including kids and adolescents. There are many hazard factors for type 2 diabetes, for example, age, race, pregnancy, stress, certain prescriptions, hereditary qualities or family history, elevated cholesterol and weight. In any case, the absolute best indicator of type 2 diabetes is overweight or Obesity. Just about 90% of individuals living with type 2 diabetes are overweight or have obesity.

\r\n Obesity is the condition where the person carries extra body fat which results in the risk of their health. Obesity is major health hazard in the rising population. It is usually measured in terms of body mass index, there are many health risks associated with obesity.

\r\n Studies conducted in the field of oral health epidemiology provide information on normal biological processes and on diseases of the oral cavity, identify populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and compare regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations. Oral epidemiology also tests preventive interventions for controlling disease and evaluates the effectiveness and quality of interventions and oral health programs.

\r\n Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. These drugs are helping to cure illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been implemented so widely and for so long to kill infectious organisms. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become arrested with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.

\r\n Mental health is a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with challenges. Mental health is essential to personal well-being, family and interpersonal relationships, and the ability to contribute to community or society. Mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behavior that are associated with distress and/or impaired functioning. Mental disorders contribute to a host of problems that may include disability, pain, or death. Mental illness is the term that refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders. Psychological health plays a major role in people to keep up great physical health. Mental illness, for example, depression and anxiety, affect people ability to take part in physical advancing practices. Thusly, issues with physical health such as, chronic diseases, can seriously affect mental health and decreases a person ability to take an interest in treatment and recovery.

\r\n Public health nursing is the field of nursing which deals with the specialty in Public health. Public health nurses are a community of nurses who are involved in integrating community and who knows well about clinical methods and treatment of health. Public health nursing is one of the neglected fields of health sector.

\r\n Reproductive Epidemiology deals with the distribution and determination of diseases in human population. The main topics under study are family planning, adolescent sexual behavior, maternal morbidity and mortality, domestic violence, contraceptive safety and efficacy and population based reproductive health surveys. Perinatal epidemiology mainly deals with pregnancy complications such as preterm birth, birth defects, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia and pregnancy outcomes. Pediatric epidemiology studies about the disease conditions in children whose age ranges from birth up to 18 years of age.

\r\n Health care systems are the systems or organizations which deliver health care services to accomplish good health of the society. There are diverse range of healthcare systems around the world with many organizational structures and institutions which deliver healthcare. Countries must decide and design the healthcare systems based on their need and resources. Hospital management is the health service management which handles the hospital management and administration.

\r\n Homeopathy is an alternative medicine which is used to cure the external wounds such as cuts, scrapes, muscle strains etc. Homeopathy medicine is made up of natural solvents it is not applicable for internal illness such as heart diseases, cancer, stroke. Homeopathic medicine does not cause any side effects.

\r\n Quality healthcare and patient safety are the streams which takes care of the health of the patient and his/her safety.  Health care quality can be defined as the degree to which health care services for individuals and population increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes.

Epidemiologists can help geneticists to overcome these problems, specifically by providing the infrastructure to collect large phenotype samples from affected and unaffected individuals drawn from similar ethnic backgrounds. Typically these disciplines are derived from population-based, natural history studies of specific diseases, often established years ago prior to the evolution of the technology that underpins the genomics revolution.

\r\n Nutritional epidemiology is one of the younger disciplines in epidemiology. Limitations in Nutrition Epidemiology Research may be partially due to the difficulties in measuring diet as an exposure. Diet and physical activity are arguably the most difficult exposures to assess in observational research and are plagued by considerable measurement error. There were 925 million undernourished people in the world in 2010, an increase of 80 million since 1990, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (7 billion people).Malnutrition, defined as underweight, is a serious public health problem that has been linked to a substantial increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity. Women and young children bear the brunt of the disease burden associated with malnutrition. In Africa and South Asia, 27−51% of women of reproductive age are underweight and it is predicted that about 130 million children will be underweighting in 2005 (21% of all children). Many of the 30 million low-birth-weight babies born annually (23.8% of all births) face severe short-term and long-term health consequences.

\r\n The social epidemiology cluster seeks to understand the ways in which Social Determinants of Health, Behavior, Institutions, Social Networks, psychological, political, Demographic change, cultural, Inequity in Low-Middle- Income Countries and economic circumstances influence our chances for a healthy status.  School Health Epidemiology is to improve the health of students, school personnel, families and other members of the community through schools.

\r\n A noteworthy test for Psychiatric Epidemiology to build the pertinence of their expository exploration to their associates in protection psychiatry and to social arrangement investigators. Regardless of empowering advances, much work still should be led before psychiatric epidemiology can understand its capability to enhance the emotional well-being of populaces. Analyst's most noteworthy trust in achievements in our comprehension of the etiology of mental health would originate from Genetic Epidemiology. Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice aims to bring to life the mental health dimension of health promotion.

\r\n Cardiovascular Epidemiology is the study of heart and heart related diseases. Cardiovascular Epidemiology promotes the research collaboration of cardiovascular disease. This field is concerned with cardiovascular health. By 2005, the full quantity of cardiovascular sickness deaths had multiplied globally to 17.5 million from 14.4 million in 1990. Of those, 7.6 million were attributed to coronary heart sickness and five.7 million to stroke. More than 80 percentage of the deaths occurred in low and middle-income nations Thus, Cardiovascular diseases is nowadays the largest contributor to worldwide mortality and will continue to dominate mortality traits in the destiny.

\r\n Clinical Epidemiology is the study of the determinants and effects of clinical decisions. Our research and our graduates bring diagnostic improvements, treatment enhancements, and a greater range of integrated responses to clinical situations. Clinical Epidemiology is an implementation science that focuses on health outcomes and health extremes.

Epidemiology is a necessary aspect of public health practice. Public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. The area aims to offer the prevention of disorders and to promote the health of people. Public Health is a part of sciences, skills and convictions that is focused on the preservation. Analytical Epidemiology aims to research and study risk and protector factors of diseases and identify factors in a diseased population that varies from a non-diseased population. Where Descriptive Epidemiology helps to describe because of disease within a population, it helps to understand the occurrence of disease. The fundamental regions of professional epidemiology encompass epidemiologic evaluation of public health records, health affairs of state and trend analyses, public health surveillance and health software impact evaluation.  The intention of the field is to ensure more health results for communities internationally, however the focus is strongly on preventative measures, in place of healing.