Epidemiology & Public Health

Public Health Systems reinforcing concentrates on ascertaining that people and institutions, both public and private, undertake core functions of the health systems (governance, financing, accommodation distribution, health work force, information and medicines / vaccines / other technologies). Public health systems focus is on quantifying  , monitoring and ameliorating the clinical and financial performance of public health accommodations organizations, as well as training public health wealth wishers for organizational change. Public health systems take care of such as Public health policy analysis, Public health finance, accounting, budgeting and human resources. The Public Health work force requires accurate cognizance and skills to distribute quality essential public health accommodations. quality assurance and quality amelioration activities are integral to public health practice . Health systems invigorating through human resource capacity building . effacious health management and efficient financing deals with issues such as orchestrating, development, performance, management, retention, information and research on human resources for the health care sector.

Since 1990, maternal death worldwide have dropped by 45 percent, however consistently around 800 women die from preventable makes related pregnancy and labor. All of these deaths happen in low-pay settings subsequently of condition that includes hypertension, infection, high blood pressure, and complications during delivery. Maternal health is closely connected to infant survival. While great steps have been made in reducing global child mortality, newborns and now represent 44 percent of all child deaths. Every year, 2.9 million babies needlessly die within their first month and an extra 2.6 million are stillborn. The main cause, which are preventable and treatable, are confusions because of rashness, intricacies amid conveyance, and contamination. National organizations recognize the need to accelerate the development, delivery and impact at scale of new approaches to deal with need worldwide medical issues. These advancements will help in earlier diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, in distinguishing of abnormalities during labor, and in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage for women without access to skilled providers

Adolescents ages 10 to 19 and young adults from 20 to 24 make up 39 percent of the number of population in all over the world. Research has demonstrated that adolescents programs can decrease the predominance of health risk among young people and positively effect on academic performance. Schools additionally assume a basic part in advancing the health care and security of young people and helping them build up lifelong healthy behaviors. The behavioral examples built up amid these developmental periods help decide youngsters current health status and their risk of chronic diseases and infections in adulthood. Since they are in developmental transition, adolescents and young adults grown-ups are especially sensitive to natural that is, logical or encompassing impacts. Natural variables, including family, peer gathering, school, neighborhood, approaches, and societal signs, can either support or challenge young adult’s wellbeing or prosperity. Addressing to the constructive advancement of young people encourages their adoption of healthy behaviors and helps to develop a healthy and productive life. The Adolescent Health Initiative endeavors to transform the health care and to optimize adolescent and young adult health. 

Reproductive medicine is the branch of medicinal science which deals with deals with the diagnosis, prevention and management of problems in reproduction. Its aims include maintaining and improving the reproductive health and allowing people to have kids at the time of their convenience. Reproductive medicine plays an important role in women’s health where the mother’s health directly influences the health quality of the children.

Healthcare associated diseases are also called as Health care associated infections (HCAI). These are also referred as “hospital infection”, an infection occurring in the patient during the process of health care facility or in hospital. It can affect patients’ health in any type of settings where they patients were admitted or may also appear after the discharge.

The mission of the Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department (CDE) is to advance the health of the public by promoting a research-based approach to the prevention and management of chronic disease. Research in the chronic disease epidemiology cluster addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders, including cancer (particularly breast, colon, lung, prostate, ovary and pancreas), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, and obesity

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are also referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STI) and venereal diseases (VD) and these are the infections that are passed from person to person through sexual contact. According to the CDC, nearly 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States. Most of the Sexually transmitted diseases do not cause symptoms initially. Penile discharges, pelvic pain, ulcers on or around the genitals, vaginal discharge are some of the signs and symptoms of the disease. Depending on the type of disease, these STDs can be spread through any type of sexual activity.

Cancer epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology which is dealing with the disease cancer. Epidemiology is concerned with events that occur in populations: the primary units of concern are groups of people, not separate individuals. In fact, cancer epidemiological studies may focus on precursors of cancer. Observational epidemiological studies that show associations between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce cancer incidence or morbidity. Randomized controlled trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials. Some cancer researchers have argued that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient statistical power to discover a benefit to treatment. This may be due to fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned. 

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. As per The World Health Organization (WHO) food borne and water borne diseases cause 2.2 million people deaths around the world. Foodborne diseases outbreaks have devastating health and economic consequences in both developed and developing countries.

Infectious Disease Epidemiology offers us information to understand the relations of infectious agents, their hosts, vectors and environment. This information assists in understanding of how disease patterns differ among populations and how that impacts development of new prevention and treatment interventions.

Diabetes is a group of disorders characterized by chronic high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) because of the body's inability to deliver any or enough insulin to control high glucose levels. There are two fundamental types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which frequently happens in kids or teenagers, is caused by the body's failure to make insulin or type 2 diabetes, which happens because of the body's inability to respond properly to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is predominantly analyzed after the age of forty, be that as it may, it is presently being found in all age ranges, including kids and adolescents. There are many hazard factors for type 2 diabetes, for example, age, race, pregnancy, stress, certain prescriptions, hereditary qualities or family history, elevated cholesterol and weight. In any case, the absolute best indicator of type 2 diabetes is overweight or Obesity. Just about 90% of individuals living with type 2 diabetes are overweight or have obesity.

Obesity is the condition where the person carries extra body fat which results in the risk of their health. Obesity is major health hazard in the rising population. It is usually measured in terms of body mass index, there are many health risks associated with obesity.

Studies conducted in the field of oral health epidemiology provide information on normal biological processes and on diseases of the oral cavity, identify populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and compare regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations. Oral epidemiology also tests preventive interventions for controlling disease and evaluates the effectiveness and quality of interventions and oral health programs.

Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. These drugs are helping to cure illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been implemented so widely and for so long to kill infectious organisms. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become arrested with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.

Mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by changes in state of mind, mood and behavior that are related with pain or potentially disabled working. Mental illness is the term that refers by largely to all diagnosable mental disorders. Mental disorders add to a large group of issues that may incorporate disability, death. Mental disorders are among the most well-known reasons for disability. The subsequent diseases burden of mental illness is among the highest of all diseases. In any given year, an expected 18.1% (43.6 million) of U.S. adults ages 18 years or more suffered from mental illness and 4.2% (9.8 million) of European suffered from a seriously debilitating mental illness. Neuropsychiatric disorders are the main source of disability in the Asian countries, representing 18.7% of all years of life lost to inability and pre mature mortality. Besides, suicide is the tenth driving reason for death in the worldwide, representing the deaths of around 43,000 in 2014. 

Public health nursing is the field of nursing which deals with the specialty in Public health. Public health nurses are a community of nurses who are involved in integrating community and who knows well about clinical methods and treatment of health. Public health nursing is one of the neglected fields of health sector. 

Health care systems are the systems or organizations which deliver health care services to accomplish good health of the society. There are diverse range of healthcare systems around the world with many organizational structures and institutions which deliver healthcare. Countries must decide and design the healthcare systems based on their need and resources. Hospital management is the health service management which handles the hospital management and administration.

Homeopathy is an alternative medicine which is used to cure the external wounds such as cuts, scrapes, muscle strains etc. Homeopathy medicine is made up of natural solvents it is not applicable for internal illness such as heart diseases, cancer, stroke. Homeopathic medicine does not cause any side effects.

Quality healthcare and patient safety are the streams which takes care of the health of the patient and his/her safety.  Health care quality can be defined as the degree to which health care services for individuals and population increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes.

Epidemiologists can help geneticists overcome these problems, particularly by providing the infrastructure to collect large, well-phenotype samples from affected and unaffected individuals drawn from similar ethnic backgrounds. Typically these cohorts are derived from population-based, natural history studies of particular diseases, often established many years ago prior to the development of the technology that underpins the genomics revolution.

Nutritional epidemiology is one of the younger disciplines in epidemiology. Limitations in Nutrition Epidemiology Research may be partially due to the difficulties in measuring diet as an exposure. Diet and physical activity are arguably the most difficult exposures to assess in observational research and are plagued by considerable measurement error.

Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease. It proposes to identify societal characteristics that affect the pattern of disease and health distribution in a society and to understand its mechanisms. The central and initial question of social epidemiology to be answered is what effect do social factors have on individual and population health.

A noteworthy test for Psychiatric Epidemiology to build the pertinence of their expository exploration to their associates in protection psychiatry and to social arrangement investigators.

Cardiovascular epidemiology is the field which deals with heart related epidemiology. This field is the interdisciplinary field where the trainees in epidemiology were encouraged to lead roles related to cardiovascular diseases. The mortality rate is increasing around the world due to cardiovascular diseases. And field focuses on treatment, management of the cardiovascular health of the people.

Clinical epidemiology is the field of clinical science which determines the objective and effects of clinical decisions. It is bringing quality changes in the diagnostic methods, treatments and greater range of responses to clinical situations. Its work forms from logical links with policy in addition to care delivery. In other words, Clinical epidemiology is an implementation science which concentrates on outcomes of health and health extremes.